Moulding Minds and National Identity in Building a New Era for One China

By Kondaraju Sandeep Royal

China Strengthens National Identity through Patriotic Education Law

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has taken a transformative step with the implementation of the Patriotic Education Law (PEL) on January 1, 2024, which aims to fortify the nation’s identity by promoting core philosophical, traditional culture, and socialist values, fostering social cohesion (Xinhua Net, 2023). PEL, comprising five chapters and 40 articles, aims to bolster patriotic education in China. It underscores cultivating and strengthening the Chinese attachment to the motherland, focusing on investing in patriotism and fostering strong beliefs, spiritual strength, and conscious actions among citizens. The law seeks to consolidate patriotic forces under the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) leadership, fostering a collective sense of national identity¹ (Translate, 2023).

PEL: A Framework for Nurturing National Identity

PEL sets up a comprehensive framework for patriotic education in China. It incorporates key civilisational philosophy and ideological foundations of PRC such as Marxism-Leninism (Cheek & Ownby, 2018), Mao Zedong Thought (Kuo, 2024), Deng Xiaoping Theory (Daekwon, 2017), the Theory of Three Represents (What Is ‘Three Represents’ CPC Theory?, n.d.), the Scientific Outlook on Development (Liu, 2018), and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (Stanzel, 2017) (Hu, n.d.). The law also covers essential historical and cultural aspects, including the history of the CPC, the development of socialism, and the exceptional culture of the Chinese people (Wei, n.d.). It promotes unity and integration by encouraging exchanges and communication among all ethnicities within China. The key emphasis is placed on national symbols, knowledge of the constitution and laws, and an appreciation of the country’s landscape and historical heritage, aiming to create a shared spiritual home for the Chinese people (IPR in China, 2011).

The law recognises the crucial role of diverse institutions, such as schools, mass organisations, enterprises, public institutions, religious groups, and social organisations, in conducting patriotic education. It shows mechanisms to integrate patriotic education into various aspects of life, from family to major celebrations and cultural activities (Wei, n.d.). The law outlines measures for implementation, including strengthening, planning and innovative methods, protecting and managing resources and cultural heritage, by establishing patriotic education bases, and supporting artistic works and literature that embody the spirit of patriotism (Education, 2009).

PEL addresses historical nihilism, reinforcing national pride and anchoring PRC’s future. Also emphasises cultural self-confidence and global openness, positioning PRC for sustained growth and international collaboration. Mandating PEL at all levels, from schools to families, aims to harness national consciousness for navigating 21st-century inter (intra) civilisational and geostrategic challenges by striking a balance between national pride and critical thinking is crucial for the law’s success (Wei, n.d.).

Fostering National Unity and Identity in Contemporary China

PEL strives for patriotism, unity, and cultural confidence among the Chinese people, playing a vital role in realising the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Through a comprehensive and systematic approach to patriotic education, PEL integrates core values into various societal aspects.

a. Unified Narrative and Historical Consciousness

PEL highlights the shared history and achievements of all ethnicities, Emphasising the CPC’s role in national development (Art 2, 3, 6). This approach ensures a mutual understanding of the PRC’s past shapes the nation’s present and future, reinforcing a collective identity. It promotes a unified narrative and historical consciousness (Art 2, 6), celebrating the PRC’s cultural richness and ethnic diversity, and fostering a collective sense of struggle. The central theme of the PEL is preserving national and ethnic unity and fostering a sense of belonging (Art 7). Education plays a crucial role in disseminating this shared narrative, integrating patriotic themes across various subjects and grade levels (Art 15). Emphasis on heroes, martyrs, and revolutionary figures (Art 6, 8) inspires patriotism and contributes to historical continuity and social cohesion (Translate, 2023).

b. Legal Frameworks for Cultural Unity and National Pride

The Law, articulated in (Art 5, 8, 6, 4) and (Art 25, 26), intricately weaves together cultural cohesion, identity, moral values, preservation and patriotism. Emphasising the transmission of diverse cultures, including traditional and revolutionary elements, the law, rooted in Art 5, 8, seeks to establish a shared heritage, fostering a unified national identity that transcends regional and ethnic differences. Art 8, 6, and 4, highlight the crucial role of core socialist values, acting as a moral compass and fostering ethical principles among citizens, shaping cultural national identity (Art 8, 25), and endorsing the preservation of historical sites, cultural relics, and traditional practices and appreciation for Chinese heritage, a tangible link to the past, promoting patriotism, and enhancing citizens’ sense of belonging within a broader historical narrative (Arya, 2023).

c. Symbols, Cultural Heroes and Celebrations

Art 5, 6, 28, 30, weaves the fabric of national identity through the integration of symbols and heroes in daily life, education, and celebrations. Icons like the flag and anthem play a crucial role in fostering a strong sense of belonging and identity, with their consistent presence serving as a visual and auditory reminder of our collective spirit of nationhood by highlighting the significance of honouring national heroes and martyrs as inspirational figures, promoting unity through their sacrifices. Article 30 mandates the use of national symbols during key events, fostering a shared identity, pride and celebrations that contribute to building and strengthening a cohesive national identity (CNA, 2023).

d. Legal Impact on National Pride and Social Norms

Art 33, 34, 37-39 actively shapes social norms by fostering a culture of national pride. It encourages citizens to engage in patriotic activities, discouraging any behaviour deemed disrespectful to national symbols or heroes. This fosters a social environment where expressions of national pride are embraced, while dissent or disrespect may be met with disapproval. PEL establishes safeguards and enforcement mechanisms to promote patriotism, ensuring effective implementation of patriotic education initiatives and deterring behaviours detrimental to national security or honour. This fosters a social climate where national pride is central (Dotson, 2023).

e. Holistic Patriotism

Art 11-36 creates a comprehensive framework for patriotic education, transcending traditional classrooms to include schools, workplaces, media, and social organisations. This approach ensures a consistent national message, fostering a collective identity. Art 11 establishes the foundation in schools, Emphasising national values among the youth. Art 12-20 focuses on workplace integration, while Art 21-28 highlights the media’s role in promoting unity. Art 29-36 underscores the importance of social organisations in cultivating a shared sense of patriotism. This multifaceted approach weaves national identity seamlessly into daily life.

f. Promoting Unity and Patriotism

PEL, anchored by the principle of ‘One China’ Art (7, 20, 23), fosters a strong national identity, especially concerning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), Macao SAR, and Taiwan (Art 23). Emphasising unity, the law aims to instil patriotism and cohesion among citizens. It actively promotes social unity through the observance of national holidays and traditional festivals (Art 29, 30), discouraging activities that undermine national unity Art 37 encapsulated in PEL, presents a comprehensive strategy for nurturing a robust and unified Chinese society (FP Explainers, 2023) (CNA, 2023).

g. Ideology-Party Loyalty Nexus

In PRC, the integration of ideology and party loyalty is a fundamental element of national rejuvenation, enshrined in legal Art 3 and 4. This fusion emphasises the CPC’s crucial role in advancing the nation and enhancing its legitimacy. The symbiotic relationship between ideology and patriotism serves as the foundation of the PRC’s political system, reinforcing the bond between the Party and the populace. The alignment of ideological principles with national development goals reflects the Party’s dedication to steering the country toward prosperity, guiding the PRC’s path to rejuvenation through the unifying forces of Party loyalty and patriotic zeal (FP Explainers, 2023).

h. Institutionalised Patriotic Education

Institutionalised patriotism mandates a comprehensive and diverse patriotic education approach beyond classrooms, involving public servants, enterprises, and social organisations. The strategy systematically instils patriotic values throughout society, fostering a unified message and collective responsibility. Public servants integrate patriotic principles into daily practices (Art 18), while enterprises incorporate patriotic education into their culture (Art 19), and social organisations organise events promoting patriotic sentiment (Art 21). This multi-pronged approach ensures the practical application of patriotic values, reinforcing national identity and unity within society. Embedding patriotism in institutions fosters collective responsibility for upholding and promoting national pride and values (Hawkins & correspondent, 2023).

i. Promoting Patriotic Unity

National unity thrives on social mobilisation beyond classrooms. Art 12, 13, 31, 32 advocates an integrated approach, urging educational institutions, social groups, media, and the internet sector to promote patriotic education. This multifaceted strategy, rooted in collective responsibility, emphasises social organisations as change agents, media outlets as influencers of national identity, and the internet sector as a powerful tool for the widespread promotion of patriotic values. Active participation in these endeavours is a key contributor to shaping and safeguarding the nation’s unity and well-being (Huaxia, 2023).

Four Pillars of the Patriotic Education Law

PEL prioritises a multi-layered educational strategy, integrating patriotic values into all levels of institutions. Art 15, 16 mandates age-appropriate content, employing engaging teaching methods for a thorough understanding of the nation’s history, culture, and political system from an early age. Art 18-22 extends the law’s influence on public institutions, enterprises and social organisations, ensuring a consistent patriotic message. Emphasising reverence for national symbols and heroes (Art 6, 8), the law shapes a unified Chinese identity. Cultural heritage is pivotal (Art 25, 26), connecting citizens to their past for a strengthened sense of belonging (PRC, 2023). 

Enshrined at the core of the PEL are four interconnected objectives aimed at shaping the future trajectory of PRC. Firstly, the law intertwines national rejuvenation and socialist development, effectively tethering patriotism to the leadership of the CPC, thereby fostering a collective identity closely tied to the Party’s vision. Secondly, the legislation places significant emphasis on preserving and transmitting traditional Chinese culture while concurrently nurturing a socialist culture with distinct Chinese characteristics, striving to maintain cultural continuity and uniqueness (McCarthy, 2024).

The PEL actively advocates for national unity and territorial integrity, particularly through educational initiatives targeting regions such as Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, Emphasising the importance of national unification and opposing separatism, in line with the PRC’s strategic objectives. Lastly, the law adopts a comprehensive educational approach, mandating patriotic education at all societal levels, from educational institutions to workplaces, the military, and even religious establishments, ensuring a consistent and pervasive dissemination of patriotic values throughout individuals’ lives. Through these measures, the PEL stands as a cornerstone for shaping a unified, culturally rich, and ideologically aligned citizenry in China.

Its enforcement mechanisms, including a system of rewards and punishments, strengthen its influence. While incentivising patriotic activities, it deters conduct perceived as disrespectful. Critics worry about freedom of expression limitations, fearing restrictions on open discussions and exposure to diverse political perspectives. Concerns under Article 37 necessitate ongoing monitoring and potential revisions for a balanced approach, addressing potential limitations on unalienable rights and historical interpretation. 

Patriotism at the Cost of Critical Thinking and Open Discourse

Zhao Leji, top legislator emphasises the new law’s role in building a strong nation, addressing confusion about patriotism (reporters, 2023). According to The China Project, article 14 of the law mandates patriotic education across all school levels and courses (Zou & Huang, 2023) (reporters, 2024). Zhi Zhenfeng from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences sees the law consolidating patriotic education efforts systematically (reporters, 2023). Legislative Affairs Commission spokesperson Yang Heqing highlights the law’s goal to guide citizens in upholding national unity, ethnic solidarity, and long-term stability (reporters, 2023).

Osnos explores Xi’s impact, noting his removal of term limits and meticulous demeanour (Osnos, 2023). Joerg Wuttke suggests that China risks losing its potential as the leading force in the twenty-first century (Wuttke, 2023). Zhu Wei, from the China University of Political Science and Law, clarifies that the PEL aims to regulate education activities, dismissing claims of ideological suppression (FP Explainers, 2023).

a. Constricting Patriotism with Nationalistic Boundaries

Current legal frameworks often limit patriotism to national pride and loyalty to the ruling party and state, neglecting its nuanced aspects like critical thinking and historical reflection (Liu, 2018). This narrow view, particularly evident in Art 3’s emphasis on preserving unity, risks distorting historical understanding. A more inclusive patriotism is necessary, embracing diverse perspectives, acknowledging historical imperfections, and fostering an informed citizenry for societal improvement (Ye, 2023).

b. Risk of Nationalistic Indoctrination

The explicit focus on a patriotic spirit outlined in Art 6, 7 poses a potential risk of fostering an overly nationalistic mindset, diminishing the importance of a global perspective and cultural diversity (Liu, 2018). Art 3, 6, prioritising specific ideologies, raises concerns about potential indoctrination, limiting open discussion and critical analysis. Achieving a balance between national pride and a broader, inclusive worldview is crucial for cultivating a society that values both its roots and global interconnectedness (Ye, 2023).

c. Concerns over Broadly Defined Restrictions in Article 37

Limited unalienable rights, exemplified by Article 37, hinder open discourse and independent thought. Broadly defined restrictions (e.g., protecting national symbols) can be misused to suppress dissent and critical viewpoints (McCarthy, 2024). This ambiguity stifles debate, hindering societal progress. Striking a balance between national interests and free expression is crucial for a vibrant democracy (Ye, 2023). Furthermore, Articles 7, 8, and 9 present potential conflicts. While Article 9 promotes openness, Articles 7 and 8 prioritise national exceptionalism and a singular Chinese identity, potentially overlooking minority cultures and hindering genuine cultural exchange. Addressing the ambiguity in Article 37 and fostering a more inclusive interpretation of national identity is crucial for ensuring a robust and open society (McCarthy, 2024).

d. Legal Emphasis on Rote Memorisation Stifles Critical Thinking

Current educational structures, with their focus on rote memorisation as mandated by Art 5 and 6, hinder critical thinking. This stifles the development of independent analysis and informed citizens. Prioritising memorisation over critical thinking limits students’ ability to objectively evaluate information and form their own perspectives. A shift towards an educational approach that fosters critical thinking is essential to equip individuals for an increasingly complex world (Ye, 2023).

e. The Impact of Singular Narrative Emphasis

Limiting students to a singular historical narrative (Art 2, 3) hinders a well-rounded understanding of the past and national identity (Ganfeng, 2024). This restricted view impedes critical thinking by preventing exposure to diverse interpretations and critical analysis, hindering the development of a well-informed citizenry (Ye, 2023).

f. Unchecked Party, Power, Academic Autonomy and Objectivity

Growing concerns surround the extensive control the CPC wields over the education system. Articles within the law grant significant authority, raising fears of curriculum manipulation to align with the party’s agenda. This threatens academic autonomy and objectivity. Additionally, the law imposes a heavy bureaucratic burden (Art 33, 34, 39) hindering efficient implementation. Striking a balance between party influence and the need for diverse and impartial education is paramount to safeguarding academic integrity and fostering critical thinking (Ye, 2023).

g. Artistic Freedom Undermined by State Approved Themes

Articles 31, 35, and 36 restrict artistic expression by favouring state-approved patriotic themes and hindering critical viewpoints. This media and art control raises concerns about violating fundamental artistic freedom (Ganfeng, 2024). Limiting diverse perspectives through regulations like Articles 35 and 36 hinders public exposure to a spectrum of narratives. Balancing national interests with artistic freedom is crucial for a flourishing creative society offering varied perspectives (Ye, 2023).

Balancing Patriotism with Critical Thinking and Global Engagement

The initiation of PEL on January 1, 2024, marks a crucial juncture requiring continuous examination. It is imperative to assess its implementation and long-term impact. Future research should focus on evaluating the law’s effectiveness in promoting patriotism and national unity, analysing its integration into the educational system, and gauging reception across diverse demographics (Arya, 2023).

Effective historical education necessitates a balanced perspective. Moving beyond mere national pride requires acknowledgement of triumphs alongside past errors and missed chances. This fosters a more objective understanding, enriching the educational experience. Incorporating diverse narratives is crucial. By including the stories of various societal groups, students gain a deeper grasp of the past’s inherent complexities. To empower critical thinkers, analysis is paramount. Encouraging students to delve into causes, consequences, and alternative viewpoints surpasses rote memorisation, transforming historical education into a dynamic tool for understanding our shared past (Arya, 2023).

Fostering an environment of open discourse and debate requires a multifaceted approach. It entails encouraging critical questioning among students, empowering them to challenge assumptions and engage in respectful debate rather than passively accepting presented information. Incorporating open forums where students can freely present their perspectives on national issues and engage in civil discourse with differing viewpoints are essential by providing access to diverse viewpoints through curricular inclusion of various media sources and scholarly works is imperative. Emphasising the development of analytical skills within education, enabling students to discern biases, analyse information, and construct well-reasoned arguments, is pivotal. Such measures ultimately empower individuals to engage critically with patriotic narratives, fostering a more informed and inclusive societal dialogue (Arya, 2023).

It is imperative to consider avenues for broader exposure to global issues. Comparative analysis of other nations’ histories, cultures, and political systems serves as a cornerstone for cultivating a comprehensive worldview. This practice not only enhances individuals’ appreciation for the unique facets of their nation but also instils a profound understanding of diverse viewpoints (Arya, 2023). The concept of global citizenship should be woven into educational frameworks, urging individuals to embrace their roles as responsible members of the international community. This dual emphasis on national pride and global responsibility is vital in navigating the complexities of our interconnected world. The educational curriculum should continue promoting international understanding, integrating global issues such as environmental challenges and cultural exchange. By appreciating and engaging with diverse cultural expressions, students can develop a profound sense of belonging to a larger, interconnected global community (Ye, 2023).

To address the potential for indoctrination and foster patriotism through civic engagement, a multifaceted approach is essential. There is a pressing need for transparency in content choice, ensuring the development of educational materials and historical narratives is based on clear criteria and involves the expertise of educational professionals (Liu, 2018). An effective solution lies in the establishment of an independent oversight body composed of educators and historians to review materials, thereby guaranteeing objectivity and impartiality. To foster patriotism through civic engagement, it is crucial to promote volunteerism and community service, connecting national pride with practical actions that positively contribute to local communities.

Moreover, encouraging student participation in local government through simulations or projects can provide a hands-on understanding of citizen influence in decision-making (Liu, 2018). Lastly, highlighting the role of independent institutions such as a free press, judiciary, and civil society organisations in safeguarding individual rights and ensuring a healthy democracy is imperative for cultivating responsible citizenship.

Towards a more inclusive and intellectually stimulating educational environment, several key strategies must be employed. Firstly, teacher training programs should prioritise equipping educators with the necessary skills to foster critical thinking and promote open discussions within their classrooms. Additionally, a comprehensive revision of curricula and educational materials is imperative to ensure a balanced and nuanced portrayal of history and national identity. Moreover, the establishment of independent review boards serves as a crucial mechanism for monitoring the implementation of educational policies, safeguarding academic freedom, and fostering an environment conducive to open inquiry. These concerted efforts will pave the way forward towards a more enlightened and progressive educational landscape (Stanzel, 2017). 

Further research should explore the involvement of various entities such as mass associations, businesses, and religious institutions in advancing the law’s objectives. An examination of their contributions and potential influence is crucial (Stanzel, 2017). Additionally, investigating the interplay of technology and media is paramount to comprehending how online platforms and innovative methods shape the dissemination of patriotic values and influence public sentiment. International perspectives on the law’s impact, especially concerning China’s relationship with overseas Chinese communities, should also be a subject of inquiry. By adopting a multifaceted and open-ended research approach, scholars can furnish invaluable insights that will guide potential revisions and enhancements to the PEL, ensuring its sustained relevance and efficacy in attaining its stated goals (Wei, n.d.).

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